The Constitution Act, 1871, was a significant moment in Canadian constitutional history. Passed by the British Parliament, this legislation addressed gaps in the original British North America Act of 1867 by providing the Canadian federal government with the authority to establish new provinces and territories. It also clarified the distribution of powers between the federal and provincial governments, particularly in relation to the creation of provincial boundaries and governance.
At the heart of the Constitution Act, 1871 was the need to accommodate the growth of Canada. After Confederation in 1867, Canada was already expanding westward, with Manitoba joining in 1870. However, there were uncertainties surrounding how new provinces or territories could be formally created or altered, particularly in terms of jurisdiction and governance. The Constitution Act, 1871 solved this by granting the federal government the authority to establish provinces and, crucially, to create provisions for their local governance, ensuring that new provinces could be incorporated seamlessly into the federal structure.
This act was also essential in determining the boundaries of existing provinces. One example of its application came in 1898 when the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were adjusted. The ability of the federal government to alter provincial boundaries or create new ones was a crucial power that ensured the peaceful expansion of Canada across its vast territory.
One of the most significant features of the act was its reaffirmation of federal power. The creation of new provinces and the ability to adjust their boundaries underscored the federal government's role as the overarching authority in national unity and governance. While provinces retained significant powers under the 1867 framework, the act clarified that the creation of new political units would be under federal control.
The Constitution Act, 1871 had several long-lasting implications. First, it solidified Canada's ability to expand westward, paving the way for provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan to join Confederation in 1905. Second, it created a framework that ensured the orderly development of the country’s political structure, allowing Canada to grow from its original four provinces into a diverse nation spanning from coast to coast. Third, it addressed potential conflicts over jurisdiction and governance, particularly in newly established territories where local governance systems were still being formed.
In Canadian history, the Constitution Act, 1871 marks a key development in the evolution of Canadian federalism. It provided a mechanism for the orderly expansion of the country, ensuring that the growing dominion would remain politically cohesive while accommodating new provinces and territories. It also reinforced the balance of power between federal and provincial authorities, a balance that has been critical in shaping the modern Canadian state. As Canada continued to grow and evolve, this act remained a cornerstone of its constitutional framework, ensuring that future growth could occur within a stable, predictable system.
(The British North America Act, 1871)
34 and 35 Victoria, c. 28
An Act respecting the establishment of Provinces in the Dominion of Canada
[29th June, 1871]
Whereas doubts have been entertained respecting the powers of the Parliament of Canada to establish Provinces in territories admitted, or which may hereafter be admitted, into the Dominion of Canada, and to provide for the representation of such Provinces in the said Parliament, and it is expedient to remove such doubts, and to vest such powers in the said Parliament:
Be it enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords, Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:--
1. This Act may be cited for all purposes as "The British North America Act, 1871."
2. The Parliament of Canada may from time to time establish new Provinces in any territories forming for the time being part of the Dominion of Canada, but not included in any Province thereof, and may, at the time of such establishment, make provision for the constitution and administration of any such Province, and for the passing of laws for the peace, order and good government of such province, and for its representation in the said Parliament.
3. The Parliament of Canada may from time to time, with the consent of the Legislature of any Province of the said Dominion, increase, diminish, or otherwise alter the limits of such Province, upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon to by the said Legislature, and may, with the like consent, make provision respecting the effect and operation of any such increase or diminution or alteration of territory in relation to any Province affected thereby.
4. The Parliament of Canada may from time to time make provision for the administration, peace, order and good government of any territory not for the time being included in any Province.
5. The following Acts passed by the said Parliament of Canada, and entitled respectively: "An Act for the temporary government of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory when united with Canada;" and "An Act to amend and continue the Act thirty-two and thirty-three Victoria, chapter three, and to establish and provide for the government of the Province of Manitoba." shall be and be deemed to have been valid and effectual for all purposes whatsoever from the date at which they respectively received the assent, in the Queen's name, of the Governor-General of the said Dominion of Canada.
6. Except as provided for by the third section of this Act, it shall not be competent for the Parliament of Canada to alter the provisions of the last mentioned Act of the said Parliament in so far as it relates to the Province of Manitoba or any other Act hereafter establishing new Provinces in the said Dominion, subject always to the right of the Legislature of the Province of Manitoba to alter from time to time the provisions of any law respecting the qualification of electors and members of the Legislative Assembly, and to make laws respecting elections in said Province.
Cite Article : www.canadahistory.com/sections/documents
Source: